Albahit Journal of Applied Sciences
type: channel
description: The Albahit Journal of Applied Sciences (eISSN: 2708-8936) and (pISSN: 2708-244X) is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published by the College of Technical Sciences - Bani Walid. Located in Bani Walid, Libya, is a comprehensive scientific journal dedicated to publishing high-quality research across various disciplines within applied sciences, basic sciences, and technology. The journal publishes 4 issues annually, aiming to contribute significantly to the advancement of scientific knowledge.
publisher: College of Technical Sciences, Bani Walid
language: en
publication name: Albahit Journal of Applied Sciences
issn: 2708-244X
items: Information Technology Adoption in Digital Marketing: A Field Study of Libyan Organizations Using the UTAUT2 Model and Structural Equation Modeling
items: Delegating the Purchase: Consumer Trust and Adoption of Agentic AI Shopping Assistants
items: Chemical Characterization and Health Risk Assessment of Fine Particulate Matter (PM2.5) in Western Libya
items: A Hybrid Model Combining Bipolar Fuzzy Sets and Rough Sets in Semirings with Applications in Anomaly Detection
items: Existence and uniqueness of solutions for a nonlinear differential equation with one-parameter nonlocal condition: A numerical study via MATLAB
items: Study of Seismic Isolation in Reinforced Concrete Buildings: Practical Application and Structural Behavior
items: Effect of Implant Design and Marginal Bone Loss on Biomechanical Stress Patterns: A 3D Finite Element Study
items: Removal of Methylene Blue Dye from Aqueous Solutions Using Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles (ZnO Nanoparticles)
items: Design and Implementation of a Low-Cost Multi-Interface Smart Home Automation System for Libyan Households Using Raspberry Pi
items: California Bearing Ratio (CBR) Value for Expansive Soil Subgrade Stabilized Using Brick Dust-Lime Mixtures
items: The impact of e-marketing on improving banking services from the perspective of commercial bank employees in southwestern Libya
items: Temperature-dependent specific heat capacity for dry and wet vitrified-bond grinding wheels: Models of experiment and prediction
items: Design and Implementation of a Low-Cost Pneumatic Position Control System Using Arduino Uno
items: Deep Feature–Driven Chaotic Encryption for Secure Medical Image Transmission A Comparative CNN-Based Framework
items: Modeling and Simulation of Energization Overvoltage Phenomena During Capacitor Switching Transient
items: Experimental Research to Compare the Effect of Varying Inlet and Outlet Temperatures of a Heat Exchanger on the Performance of A Cascade Cooling System
items: WiFi Transient Signal Detection Based on Akaike Information Criterion
items: Basic requirements for integrating forensic accounting into accounting education curricula at Libyan universities: An applied study on Al-Zaytuna University in Libya
items: Impact of peripheral ligand modification on MLCT stability and optical properties of Ru(II) complexes for potential photocatalytic application
items: The Role of Engineering Management Information Systems in Enhancing the Quality of Managerial Decision-Making: An Analytical Study of Engineering Design Group
items: Influence of Ecological Conditions on the Phenolic Composition and Antioxidant Activity of Thymelaea hirsuta Extracts from Two Tunisian Regions
items: Entropy-Guided Adaptive PID Control for Nonlinear Benchmark
items: A Study of the Concentration of Petroleum Hydrocarbons in Tripoli Port
items: The Impact of Commercial Desalination Processes on the Physical and Chemical Properties of Drinking Water in the Al-Asabaˊa Municipality
items: Morphological and Chemical Diversity of Artemisia Herba Alba in Jabal Al-Akhdar of Libya
items: Design, Simulation and Implementation of Beverages Vending Machine Using Arduino
items: Oscillation Criteria for Second-Order Neutral Delay Differential Equations with Heterogeneous Deviating Arguments and Distributed Kernels.
items: A study on the incomplete road linking the city of Murzug and Traghen: Case study Idlim area road
items: Advancements in Photovoltaic Cell Technology: Principles, Performance, and Manufacturing Potential in Libya
items: Sectoral and Regional Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Libya (1990–2020)

Information Technology Adoption in Digital Marketing: A Field Study of Libyan Organizations Using the UTAUT2 Model and Structural Equation Modeling
type: item
description: This study aimed to identify the factors influencing the adoption of information technology in digital marketing within Libyan organizations, based on the extended Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT2) developed by Venkatesh et al. (2012). The study employed a quantitative descriptive–analytical approach and collected primary data from 384 managers and marketing officers working in small, medium-sized, and large organizations in Tripoli, Benghazi, Misrata, and Sirte. Data were gathered through a 32-item questionnaire measured on a five-point Likert scale. The proposed model was tested using partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) through SmartPLS 4. The findings supported all ten hypotheses. Performance expectancy (β = 0.31), habit (β = 0.27), social influence (β = 0.22), and effort expectancy (β = 0.18) were found to be the strongest predictors of behavioral intention. The model explained 78.7% of the variance in behavioral intention and 74.1% of the variance in actual use behavior. These values were higher than those reported in comparable studies conducted in Jordan (60.4%) and Lebanon (66.7%). This study represents the first detailed application of the UTAUT2 model in the Libyan marketing sector. It recommends integrating the resulting linear equations into the planning of training programs for marketing personnel and into the governance of digital transformation in Libya’s private sector.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Information technology adoption
  topic: keywords
subject: Digital marketing
  topic: keywords
subject: UTAUT2 model
  topic: keywords
subject: Linear equations
  topic: keywords
subject: PLS-SEM structural equation modeling
  topic: keywords
subject: Libya
  topic: keywords
creator: Abeer Farag Alnayer
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-07-26
publication date: 2026-07-26
starting page: 01
ending page: 14
doi: 10.65419/albahit.v5i3.147

Delegating the Purchase: Consumer Trust and Adoption of Agentic AI Shopping Assistants
type: item
description: Autonomous “agentic” AI shopping assistants—systems that search, decide and purchase on a consumer's behalf—are moving from concept to deployment, yet what drives consumers to adopt them remains unexplored. Existing adoption research addresses recommendation engines and chatbots rather than AI that executes purchases, and rarely models the trust mechanism specific to delegating decisions to an autonomous agent. Drawing on an extended UTAUT2 enriched with agent-specific antecedents, this study models how performance expectancy, effort expectancy, social influence and hedonic motivation, together with perceived agent competence, perceived autonomy risk and privacy concern, shape trust in the AI agent and ultimately adoption intention. A survey of 412 online consumers analysed with partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) explains 48% of the variance in adoption intention and 38% in trust. Perceived agent competence is the strongest driver of trust (β=0.49), while privacy concern and perceived autonomy risk significantly erode it; trust in turn is a key driver of adoption (β=0.33) and partially mediates the effects of competence and privacy concern. All measurement criteria are satisfied (loadings>0.80, CR 0.89–0.93, AVE 0.68–0.78, HTMT<0.85). The findings give marketers a trust-centred roadmap for deploying purchase-executing AI agents.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Agentic AI
  topic: keywords
subject: AI shopping assistant
  topic: keywords
subject: Autonomous agents
  topic: keywords
subject: Technology adoption
  topic: keywords
subject: UTAUT2
  topic: keywords
subject: Trust in AI
  topic: keywords
subject: Privacy concern
  topic: keywords
subject: Purchase delegation
  topic: keywords
subject: PLS-SEM
  topic: keywords
creator: Abeer Farag Alnayer
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-10
publication date: 2026-05-10
starting page: 155
ending page: 167
doi: 10.65419/albahit.v5i2.146

Chemical Characterization and Health Risk Assessment of Fine Particulate Matter (PM2.5) in Western Libya
type: item
description: This study aimed to chemically characterize fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in western Libyan cities, assess its spatial and temporal variability, and examine its association with aggregated health indicators related to asthma and cardiovascular diseases. Four cities with different environmental settings were investigated: Tripoli, Al-Zawiya, Sabratha, and Zuwara. A total of 72 PM2.5 samples were collected over six selected months during 2025 and 2026. PM2.5 mass concentrations were determined gravimetrically, while sulfate, nitrate, and selected heavy metals (Cd, Pb, and Ni) were chemically analyzed. Meteorological data and aggregated health records were used to support the environmental and health interpretation of the results. The overall mean PM2.5 concentration was 40.57 ± 13.22 µg/m³. Al-Zawiya recorded the highest mean concentration (56.99 ± 10.40 µg/m³), whereas Sabratha showed the lowest mean level. Al-Zawiya also exhibited the highest concentrations of sulfate, nitrate, Cd, Pb, and Ni, indicating the influence of industrial and traffic-related sources. Dust events and Ghibli winds were associated with elevated PM2.5 levels. Strong positive correlations were observed between monthly PM2.5 averages and population-adjusted asthma and cardiovascular disease rates per 100,000 inhabitants. However, these associations should be interpreted as ecological correlations rather than evidence of direct individual-level causality.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: PM2.5
  topic: keywords
subject: Western Libya
  topic: keywords
subject: chemical characterization
  topic: keywords
subject: sulfate
  topic: keywords
subject: nitrate
  topic: keywords
subject: heavy metals
  topic: keywords
subject: asthma
  topic: keywords
subject: cardiovascular diseases
  topic: keywords
creator: Hussameddin S. EM. Sharif
creator: Wafa Salim Saleem Hammoudah
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-03-07
publication date: 2026-03-07
starting page: 158
ending page: 175
doi: 10.65419/albahit.v5i2.145

A Hybrid Model Combining Bipolar Fuzzy Sets and Rough Sets in Semirings with Applications in Anomaly Detection
type: item
description: This research presents a hybrid mathematical model that combines two modern theories for handling uncertainty: Bipolar Fuzzy Sets and Rough Sets, within the algebraic framework of Semirings. The proposed model is capable of representing both positive and negative information simultaneously while also handling imprecision caused by incomplete information. The model is applied to anomaly detection in databases. Experimental results on a standard dataset show that the proposed hybrid model outperforms traditional methods in detection accuracy.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Bipolar fuzzy set
  topic: keywords
subject: Rough set
  topic: keywords
subject: Hybrid model
  topic: keywords
subject: Semiring
  topic: keywords
subject: Anomaly detection
  topic: keywords
creator: Omalkhear Salem Blebalu
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-08
publication date: 2026-05-08
starting page: 145
ending page: 154
doi: 10.65419/albahit.v5i2.143

Existence and uniqueness of solutions for a nonlinear differential equation with one-parameter nonlocal condition: A numerical study via MATLAB
type: item
description: The primary focus of this study is to explore a nonlinear differential equation with one-parameter nonlocal condition. Our analysis establishes rigorous proofs for both the existence and uniqueness of the solutions. Furthermore, we investigate the solution's stability by examining its continuous dependence on the initial data and the parameter. A numerical example is presented with MATLAB tools to validate the theoretical findings and to demonstrate the relationship between the unique solution and governing parameter and initial data.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: nonlinear differential equation
  topic: keywords
subject: nonlocal condition
  topic: keywords
subject: existence and uniqueness of solution
  topic: keywords
subject: MATLAB
  topic: keywords
creator: Fatma N. A. Mohamed
creator: Kh. W. Elkadeky
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-06
publication date: 2026-05-06
starting page: 132
ending page: 144
doi: 10.65419/albahit.v5i2.142

Study of Seismic Isolation in Reinforced Concrete Buildings: Practical Application and Structural Behavior
type: item
description: This research examines the concept and practical application of seismic base isolation in reinforced concrete buildings as an effective strategy to reduce earthquake-induced forces. The study highlights how base isolation systems—particularly elastomeric bearings, lead rubber bearings (LRB), and high-damping rubber bearings (HDRB)—function by decoupling the structure from ground motion, increasing the fundamental period of vibration, and reducing seismic acceleration and damage. The research reviews pioneering experimental work conducted at the Earthquake Engineering Research Center (EERC) at UC Berkeley, where isolation bearings demonstrated up to tenfold reductions in structural acceleration. It also documents successful real-world applications in the United States, Japan, New Zealand, and other seismic regions, showing superior performance of isolated buildings during major earthquakes such as the 1994 Northridge and 1995 Kobe earthquakes. The study provides detailed technical insights into the mechanical behavior, load capacity, durability, damping mechanisms, and structural response of various isolator types. It concludes that seismic isolation significantly enhances building safety, preserves structural integrity, protects internal contents, and ensures post-earthquake operability, making it an economical and reliable solution for critical and essential facilities.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Seismic Base Isolation
  topic: keywords
subject: Lead Rubber Bearing (LRB)
  topic: keywords
subject: High Damping Rubber Bearing (HDRB)
  topic: keywords
subject: Period Elongation
  topic: keywords
subject: Structural Resilience
  topic: keywords
subject: Energy Dissipation
  topic: keywords
creator: Mohammed Omar Al-Sharief
creator: Mohammed Mahmoud Al-Shaier
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-04
publication date: 2026-05-04
starting page: 104
ending page: 131
doi: 10.65419/albahit.v5i2.141

Effect of Implant Design and Marginal Bone Loss on Biomechanical Stress Patterns: A 3D Finite Element Study
type: item
description: *]:pointer-events-auto R6Vx5W_threadScrollVars scroll-mb-[calc(var(--scroll-root-safe-area-inset-bottom,0px)+var(--thread-response-height))] scroll-mt-[calc(var(--header-height)+min(200px,max(70px,20svh)))]" dir="auto" data-turn-id="request-WEB:156baf87-0432-4cbe-9c3a-e932b8c44a4f-2" data-turn-id-container="request-WEB:156baf87-0432-4cbe-9c3a-e932b8c44a4f-2" data-testid="conversation-turn-6" data-turn="assistant"> This study investigates the biomechanical behavior of three dental implant geometries—solid rover, hollow rover, and cylindrical threaded designs—under simulated masticatory loading using three-dimensional finite element analysis. Vertical loads, lateral loads, and bending moments were applied to evaluate stress distribution in cortical and trabecular bone surrounding anterior implants. The analysis revealed that marginal bone loss significantly increases stress concentration, particularly in cortical regions. Among the tested designs, hollow rover implants demonstrated more balanced stress profiles in trabecular bone, though potentially at the expense of mechanical resistance. These findings suggest that implant geometry and bone integrity must be carefully considered to optimize biomechanical performance and clinical outcomes.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Zaynab Aboulqasim Faraj Albireeki
creator: Hind Alamouri Ail Shuayb
creator: Amel A. Al-Zuweedi
creator: Hussam Eldin Fathi Elsheikh
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-02
publication date: 2026-05-02
starting page: 92
ending page: 103
doi: 10.65419/albahit.v5i2.140

Removal of Methylene Blue Dye from Aqueous Solutions Using Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles (ZnO Nanoparticles)
type: item
description: This study evaluated the effectiveness of zinc oxide nanoparticles in removing methylene blue dye from aqueous solutions using a batch adsorption process. The remaining dye concentration was measured by UV–Visible spectrophotometry at a wavelength of 664 nm. A highly linear calibration curve demonstrated the reliability of the analytical method throughout the investigated concentration range. The influence of several operational parameters, including contact time, adsorbent dosage, initial dye concentration, and solution pH, was examined. Additional investigations included control experiments, adsorption equilibrium studies, kinetic modeling, and nanoparticle characterization. The results showed that zinc oxide nanoparticles achieved a dye removal efficiency of 90.60% under the conditions of 10 mg/L initial dye concentration, 0.5 g/L nanoparticle dosage, neutral pH, and 120 minutes of contact time. Increasing the nanoparticle dosage to 1.0 g/L improved the removal efficiency to 95.20%, while the highest efficiency associated with pH variation was 93.20% under alkaline conditions. Adsorption equilibrium data were best represented by the Langmuir model, indicating a maximum adsorption capacity of 52.72 mg/g. The adsorption kinetics were more accurately described by the pseudo-second-order model. Characterization analyses confirmed the nanoscale size, crystalline structure, and favorable surface properties of the zinc oxide nanoparticles. Overall, the findings demonstrate that zinc oxide nanoparticles are an efficient adsorbent material for the removal of methylene blue from aqueous solutions under the studied conditions.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Methylene blue
  topic: keywords
subject: zinc oxide nanoparticles
  topic: keywords
subject: adsorption
  topic: keywords
subject: aqueous solutions
  topic: keywords
subject: Langmuir model
  topic: keywords
subject: adsorption kinetics
  topic: keywords
creator: Hussameddin S. EM. Sharif
creator: Wafa Salim Saleem Hammoudah
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-04-26
publication date: 2026-04-26
starting page: 72
ending page: 91
doi: 10.65419/albahit.v5i2.139

Design and Implementation of a Low-Cost Multi-Interface Smart Home Automation System for Libyan Households Using Raspberry Pi
type: item
description: Home automation systems have become essential for improving comfort, security, and energy efficiency in modern households. Unlike conventional smart home systems that rely solely on internet connectivity, the proposed system introduces a GSM-based fallback communication mechanism to ensure reliable operation under unstable network conditions common in developing regions. This paper presents the design and implementation of an intelligent low-cost home automation system tailored for Libyan households using Raspberry Pi and an Android application. The proposed system integrates multiple communication interfaces, including a mobile application, web interface, and GSM-based communication, to ensure flexible and reliable remote access. Raspberry Pi acts as the central controller, interfacing with sensors and actuators via GPIO pins and executing real-time control using the Python programming language. A security subsystem based on a PIR motion sensor and a camera module is implemented to detect intrusions and send SMS alerts. Experimental results demonstrate fast response time (120–280 ms), high reliability (98%), and accurate control of home appliances. The proposed system provides a cost-effective, scalable, and robust solution suitable for developing environments.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Home Automation
  topic: keywords
subject: Raspberry Pi
  topic: keywords
subject: Android Application
  topic: keywords
subject: IoT
  topic: keywords
subject: Security System
  topic: keywords
subject: Smart Home
  topic: keywords
creator: Marwah Mohammed Ahmeed
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-04-24
publication date: 2026-04-24
starting page: 64
ending page: 71
doi: 10.65419/albahit.v5i2.138

California Bearing Ratio (CBR) Value for Expansive Soil Subgrade Stabilized Using Brick Dust-Lime Mixtures
type: item
description: Expansive clayey soils are widely distributed in the southern semi-arid regions of the world. This study focuses on improving the strength of locally available expansive clayey soil using waste brick dust as a stabilizer and lime (CaO) as an activating agent. This approach provides a practical solution for recycling brick dust while mitigating environmental impacts. To determine the optimal lime content for soil stabilization, Atterberg limits, Modified Proctor, and California Bearing Ratio (CBR) tests were conducted, with 10% brick dust identified as the optimal proportion. To assess its effect on the physical and mechanical properties of expansive soil, varying proportions of brick dust (5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%) were mixed with the natural soil, along with a constant 5% lime content as a source of calcium oxide. The plasticity index results showed that the swell potential of the expansive soil decreased from very high to low when treated with the optimum mixture of 10% brick dust and 5% lime. In contrast, using 15% or 20% brick dust alone reduced the swell potential only from very high to medium. Furthermore, the addition of 10% BD and 5% L increased the CBR value of the natural soil from 4.71% to 22% within one day. Similar improvements were observed when 10% BD and 5% L were added separately. The optimum mixture of 10% BD with 5% L produced even greater results. The CBR value increased significantly after 14 and 28 days of curing. These results demonstrate the suitability of lime and brick dust as effective agents for the stabilization of expansive soil. Based on these results, it can be said that stabilization of expansive soils with brick dust is an effective method, making it suitable for improving the geotechnical parameters.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Soil stabilization
  topic: keywords
subject: Brick Dust
  topic: keywords
subject: Lime
  topic: keywords
subject: Compaction
  topic: keywords
subject: California Bearing Ratio
  topic: keywords
creator: Ali Muftah Abdussalam Ezreig
creator: M.O.M. Mashri
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-04-22
publication date: 2026-04-22
starting page: 54
ending page: 63
doi: 10.65419/albahit.v5i2.136

The impact of e-marketing on improving banking services from the perspective of commercial bank employees in southwestern Libya
type: item
description: This study aimed to identify the impact of electronic marketing on improving banking services from the perspective of employees in commercial banks. The study adopted the descriptive-analytical approach and utilized a purposive questionnaire directed at a sample of employees from commercial banks in southwestern Libya (Ubari Commercial Bank, Jumhouria Bank – Ubari Branch, Sahara Bank – Ghrifa Branch, North Africa Bank – Ubari Branch, Sahara Bank – Bent Baya Branch, and North Africa Bank – Takarkiba Agency). The sample consisted of 51 employees. Data were analyzed using the SPSS program through both descriptive and inferential statistical methods (means, correlation coefficient, and regression analysis). The study results revealed the rejection of the first, third, and fifth hypotheses, indicating that there is no significant impact of electronic marketing—represented by (digital infrastructure of the bank, digital interaction with customers, and quality of electronic content)—on banking services. Conversely, the second and fourth hypotheses were accepted, indicating a statistically significant impact of electronic marketing—represented by (electronic promotion and employees’ efficiency in e-marketing)—on banking services. The findings also showed that the level of quality of electronic banking services in commercial banks was high and tended toward agreement in terms of the mean, particularly regarding their contribution to increasing customer satisfaction and providing diverse electronic services such as transfers, cards, and others. Furthermore, Pearson’s correlation coefficient indicated a weak but statistically significant positive relationship between electronic marketing (with its dimensions) and banking services. Based on these findings, the study recommended developing digital and technological infrastructure by improving bank websites and applications, which would enhance the quality of electronic banking services and strengthen customer trust. It also emph…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Electronic Marketing
  topic: keywords
subject: Electronic Banking Services
  topic: keywords
subject: Banking Service Quality
  topic: keywords
subject: Customer Satisfaction
  topic: keywords
creator: Mohammed Abdulqadir Awis Tamer
creator: Saleh Ibrahim Mohammed Al-Shaibani
creator: Abdulqader Al-Jilani Mohammed Abdulqader
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-04-20
publication date: 2026-04-20
starting page: 39
ending page: 53
doi: 10.65419/albahit.v5i2.133

Temperature-dependent specific heat capacity for dry and wet vitrified-bond grinding wheels: Models of experiment and prediction
type: item
description: *]:pointer-events-auto R6Vx5W_threadScrollVars scroll-mb-[calc(var(--scroll-root-safe-area-inset-bottom,0px)+var(--thread-response-height))] scroll-mt-[calc(var(--header-height)+min(200px,max(70px,20svh)))]" dir="auto" data-turn-id="request-WEB:a47701c1-067b-4478-bcb5-af676be8360d-7" data-turn-id-container="request-WEB:a47701c1-067b-4478-bcb5-af676be8360d-7" data-testid="conversation-turn-16" data-scroll-anchor="false" data-turn="assistant"> The vitrified-bond grinding wheels are widely used in precision grinding because of their versatility and high performance. These wheels are manufactured from abrasive grains such as aluminum oxide and carbide combined with bonding materials like ceramic or glass, which provide strength and stability. They are commonly applied in industries including metalworking, aerospace, automotive, and tool manufacturing, where they ensure efficient material removal and high-quality surface finishing. Their durability and thermal stability contribute significantly to consistent grinding performance. The specific heat capacity of vitrified-bond grinding wheels is an important property because it determines the wheel’s ability to absorb and store the heat generated during grinding without overheating. A higher heat capacity helps reduce thermal shock, prevents thermal damage to the workpiece, and improves wheel efficiency and lifespan through better heat distribution and temperature control. This characteristic is especially important in precision grinding operations and applications involving high material removal rates. This paper aims to determine the specific heat capacity of vitrified-bond grinding wheels containing agglomerated aluminum oxide abrasive grains within a temperature range of 10–80 °C. Experiments were conducted on samples 38A120LVS and 38A60LVB5 using a modified differential calorimeter (MDSC 2920), which enabled the measurement of temperature-dependent heat capacity. The results showed that the specific heat capacity incre…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Specific heat capacity
  topic: keywords
subject: thermophysical properties
  topic: keywords
subject: vitrified abrasives
  topic: keywords
subject: temperature dependence
  topic: keywords
subject: additive prediction model
  topic: keywords
subject: DSC measurement
  topic: keywords
subject: grinding wheel drying
  topic: keywords
creator: Awad Alshebani
creator: E. M. Elmabrouk
creator: Mohamed Saad
creator: Hamid Younis
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-03-05
publication date: 2026-03-05
starting page: 141
ending page: 157
doi: 10.65419/albahit.v5i1.131

Design and Implementation of a Low-Cost Pneumatic Position Control System Using Arduino Uno
type: item
description: Pneumatic systems are vital in modern industrial automation due to their reliability, safety, and ability to provide fast and powerful motion. However, achieving precise position control in pneumatic actuators remains challenging due to air compressibility, nonlinear dynamics, and system delays. This study addresses these challenges by designing and implementing a low-cost closed-loop pneumatic position control system using an Arduino Uno microcontroller, solenoid valves, and position sensors (potentiometers). The system integrates hardware and software solutions with a feedback mechanism to compare the piston's actual position against a setpoint. To improve stability, a fixed tolerance band (previously termed "adaptive tolerance margin" – see correction in Section 3.2) was introduced, preventing oscillations caused by rapid piston movements and relay switching. Experimental results demonstrate reliable and accurate control of piston displacement, with a settling time of approximately 0.48 s and zero steady-state error within the tolerance band, confirming the feasibility of combining pneumatic systems with modern microcontrollers for industrial automation. This project provides a practical and cost-effective approach to enhancing precision in pneumatic control, applicable in robotics, assembly systems, and process automation.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Pneumatic Systems
  topic: keywords
subject: Position Control
  topic: keywords
subject: Arduino Uno
  topic: keywords
subject: Closed-Loop Control
  topic: keywords
subject: Industrial Automation
  topic: keywords
subject: Mechatronics
  topic: keywords
creator: Lotfi Milad Eshtiwi
creator: Abdalla Milad Ali Faraj
creator: Ali Fathi Mohammed Ziqlam
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-04-18
publication date: 2026-04-18
starting page: 31
ending page: 38
doi: 10.65419/albahit.v5i2.126

Deep Feature–Driven Chaotic Encryption for Secure Medical Image Transmission A Comparative CNN-Based Framework
type: item
description: Secure medical image transmission is a critical requirement in modern telemedicine. This paper proposes a robust hybrid encryption framework that integrates deep feature extraction with chaotic cryptography. Unlike conventional methods, encryption parameters are derived directly from high-level features extracted by pretrained CNNs (ResNet50, AlexNet, and MobileNetV2) to initialize a Logistic Map. This content-dependent key generation enhances resistance against brute-force and differential attacks. Experimental results across multiple modalities (X-ray, MRI, and Color images) demonstrate near-ideal security metrics: NPCR > 99.7% , UACI ≈ 33.3%, and Entropy ≈ 7.63. Robustness analysis confirms successful diagnostic recovery PSNR reached 22.92 dB under Salt-and-Pepper noise attacks, while occlusion recovery achieved 14.35 dB Comparative analysis reveals that while ResNet50 offers maximum sensitivity, MobileNetV2 achieves a 36.5% reduction in execution time, making it ideal for real-time clinical applications. The framework, implemented via MATLAB App Designer, provides secure and computationally efficient encryption with lossless decryption under ideal conditions for next-generation healthcare infrastructures.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Capacitor Switching
  topic: keywords
subject: Energization Transient
  topic: keywords
subject: Overvoltage
  topic: keywords
subject: Inrush Current
  topic: keywords
subject: ATP/EMTP
  topic: keywords
subject: Power System Transients
  topic: keywords
subject: Sensitivity Analysis
  topic: keywords
subject: Back-to-Back Switching
  topic: keywords
creator: Najway M. Yaqah
creator: Atigah E. Karnaf
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-04-05
publication date: 2026-04-05
starting page: 01
ending page: 30
doi: 10.65419/albahit.v5i2.123

Modeling and Simulation of Energization Overvoltage Phenomena During Capacitor Switching Transient
type: item
description: Shunt capacitor banks are essential for voltage support and power factor correction in modern power systems. However, their switching operations can induce severe transient overvoltages and high-frequency inrush currents, posing significant risks to equipment and power quality. While the fundamental phenomenon is understood, a persistent research gap remains in the comprehensive analysis of these transients, particularly regarding the influence of system parameters and the validation of simulation models across a wider range of operational scenarios. This paper addresses this gap by presenting a detailed investigation into the energization overvoltage phenomenon during capacitor switching. A comprehensive power system model of a 34.5 kV substation was developed and simulated using the Alternative Transients Program (ATP/EMTP). The study begins by analyzing the baseline case of an isolated capacitor bank energization and then extends the investigation to include more complex scenarios such as back-to-back switching and de-energization. A sensitivity analysis is conducted to quantify the impact of key parameters, including source impedance and capacitor bank size, on the transient response. The simulation results, which show transient voltages reaching up to 1.5 per unit and inrush currents of several kiloamperes, are validated against analytical calculations, with a detailed discussion of the observed discrepancies. This research provides a more robust and precise understanding of capacitor-switching transients, offering valuable insights for improved system design, protection coordination, and equipment selection.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Capacitor Switching
  topic: keywords
subject: Energization Transient
  topic: keywords
subject: Overvoltage
  topic: keywords
subject: Inrush Current
  topic: keywords
subject: ATP/EMTP
  topic: keywords
subject: Power System Transients
  topic: keywords
subject: Sensitivity Analysis
  topic: keywords
subject: Back-to-Back Switching
  topic: keywords
creator: Ismaeil Husein Almabrouk Khalifa
creator: Salah Alatai
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-02-27
publication date: 2026-02-27
starting page: 126
ending page: 140
doi: 10.65419/albahit.v5i1.122

Experimental Research to Compare the Effect of Varying Inlet and Outlet Temperatures of a Heat Exchanger on the Performance of A Cascade Cooling System
type: item
description: Heat exchangers are not merely cooling devices that transfer heat between fluids; they are an effective way to conserve resources, save money, and contribute to global efforts to reduce energy waste, with positive implications for economic security and resource sustainability. Good design and the selection of the best materials for heat exchanger manufacturing ensure optimal exchange. The heat exchanger capacity required for a refrigeration system must achieve the smallest possible difference between the inlet temperature of the heat exchanger evaporator and the outlet temperature of the heat exchanger condenser. The overall system capacity depends on the temperature difference within the heat exchanger to minimize energy consumption. This study demonstrates the importance of the difference between the inlet temperature of the heat exchanger evaporator and the outlet temperature of the heat exchanger condenser, as this difference has a specific value for each main evaporator temperature. For every main evaporator temperature (T_e), there is a corresponding outlet temperature (T_3) in a low-pressure refrigeration cycle (LPC). The operation of heat exchangers is crucial in all refrigeration and air conditioning systems; therefore, careful selection of the heat exchanger type and the materials used in its manufacture is essential. Taking into account several factors to ensure accurate and reliable results, and using the specialized REFPRO refrigeration software, a 24-layer plate heat exchanger was selected to achieve optimal heat exchange between the two refrigeration circuits in this research. To reduce energy consumption in the cascade refrigeration system, the efficiency of the heat exchangers must be improved, pressure loss minimized, and refrigerants selected for the required temperature range must be chosen. Advanced control strategies must be employed to optimize system performance under varying operating conditions, and ambient conditions must be considered dur…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Heat exchanger inlet and outlet temperatures
  topic: keywords
subject: sequential cooling
  topic: keywords
subject: flow rate
  topic: keywords
subject: heat transfer coefficient
  topic: keywords
subject: performance rate
  topic: keywords
creator: Adel Mohamed A. Kraim
creator: Salahaddin Musbah Sahboun
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-02-25
publication date: 2026-02-25
starting page: 110
ending page: 125
doi: 10.65419/albahit.v5i1.121

WiFi Transient Signal Detection Based on Akaike Information Criterion
type: item
description: Detection of Wi-Fi signals is indispensable in a wide range of applications, such as network security and signal analysis. Wi-Fi transient signals, though brief, carry important information that can significantly enhance the accuracy and reliability of signal detection. This paper introduces a new technique designed to detect Wi-Fi transient signals named the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC). This method captures fleeting signals by discriminating between noise and the start of the transmitting signal with high precision, making it particularly useful in environments where early detection and response are critical, such as in detecting unauthorized devices or monitoring network performance. The comprehensive implementation of the proposed method is presented and the performance evaluations were conducted under varying signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) levels. The applied method offers simplicity, accuracy and performs well even in low SNR conditions.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Akaike Information Criterion
  topic: keywords
subject: Transient Detection
  topic: keywords
subject: WiFi Signal
  topic: keywords
creator: Ismail S. Almarimi
creator: Malak K. ABDULLAH
creator: Aya G. OTHMAN
creator: Saleh A. AJOUAT
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-02-20
publication date: 2026-02-20
starting page: 98
ending page: 109
doi: 10.65419/albahit.v5i1.120

Basic requirements for integrating forensic accounting into accounting education curricula at Libyan universities: An applied study on Al-Zaytuna University in Libya
type: item
description: This study aimed to identify the fundamental requirements for integrating Forensic Accounting into the accounting education curricula of Libyan universities. This was pursued by identifying necessary curriculum developments and teaching methodologies that foster critical thinking skills, while highlighting the role of practical training in bridging the gap between academia and professional practice. Furthermore, the study addressed the qualification of faculty members to support this integration. To achieve these objectives, the study adopted a descriptive-analytical approach, utilizing a questionnaire as the primary data collection tool. The questionnaire was distributed to a sample of faculty members in the Accounting Departments at Al- Zaytouna University. Key findings indicated the necessity of curriculum development through the introduction of a dedicated Forensic Accounting course and the updating of related subjects. The results also emphasized the importance of implementing workshops, the case study method, and enhancing the technical and professional qualifications of teaching staff. Based on these results, the study recommended the adoption of Problem-Based Learning (PBL) strategies and judicial simulations. It further stressed the need to activate partnerships with oversight and judicial institutions—such as the Libyan Audit Bureau—to enable students to gain field experience with financial cases, thereby improving the quality of educational outcomes to meet the demands of the Libyan labor market.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Forensic Accounting
  topic: keywords
subject: Accounting Education
  topic: keywords
subject: Al- Zaytouna University
  topic: keywords
creator: Ezaldeen Mohammed Amhimmid
creator: Mohammed Mansour Abdullah
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-01-17
publication date: 2026-01-17
starting page: 87
ending page: 97
doi: 10.65419/albahit.v5i1.119

Impact of peripheral ligand modification on MLCT stability and optical properties of Ru(II) complexes for potential photocatalytic application
type: item
description: This study investigates the role of peripheral ligand modification in controlling the MLCT energetics and photochemical stability of Ru(II) polypyridyl complexes, using tbbpy- and dppz-based systems as a comparative platform. By combining ¹H NMR spectroscopy, steady-state UV–Vis absorption, and time-dependent photochemical kinetics, we demonstrate that peripheral ligands act as electronically active components rather than passive structural substituents. A key finding of this work is the spectral invariance of the Ru–tbbpy complex in both aprotic (CH₃CN) and protic (CH₃OH) solvents, which provides a rare baseline for isolating solvent-driven photochemical pathways. In contrast, incorporation of the π-extended dppz ligand induces a systematic increase in the MLCT energy gap and markedly enhances photochemical robustness under continuous irradiation. Kinetic analysis in methanol reveals pseudo-first-order behavior for the tbbpy system, with an apparent rate constant of (3.3 ± 0.2) × 10⁻³ min⁻¹ and a half-life of approximately 210 min. The emergence of new ligand-centered absorption bands upon irradiation indicates photo-induced transformation into stable photoproducts rather than nonspecific decomposition. These results highlight peripheral ligand design as an effective strategy for modulating MLCT stability and improving the durability of Ru(II)-based photosensitizers, offering mechanistic insights relevant to the rational development of photoactive coordination complexes.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Ru(II) complexes
  topic: keywords
subject: Photochemical degradation
  topic: keywords
subject: tbbpy and dppz ligands
  topic: keywords
subject: pseudo-first-order kinetics
  topic: keywords
subject: Apparent rate constant
  topic: keywords
subject: solvent effects
  topic: keywords
subject: MLCT
  topic: keywords
creator: Hadeel Ali Mohammed
creator: Hamid. M. Younis
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-01-15
publication date: 2026-01-15
starting page: 75
ending page: 86
doi: 10.65419/albahit.v5i1.118

The Role of Engineering Management Information Systems in Enhancing the Quality of Managerial Decision-Making: An Analytical Study of Engineering Design Group
type: item
description: This study aims to examine the role of engineering management information systems in enhancing the quality of managerial decision-making within Engineering Design Group. In today’s dynamic and complex engineering environments, organizations increasingly rely on management information systems to support effective planning, control, and decision-making processes. Engineering organizations, in particular, require accurate, timely, and integrated information to manage technical complexity and organizational resources efficiently. The study adopts a quantitative analytical approach to investigate the impact of engineering management information systems on the quality of managerial decision-making. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire distributed to a sample of employees and managers at Engineering Design Group. Descriptive statistical methods and inferential analyses were employed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) to analyze the collected data and test the study hypotheses. The findings indicate that engineering management information systems play a significant role in improving the quality of managerial decision-making by enhancing information accuracy, availability, timeliness, and integration. The results also reveal that effective use of management information systems supports rational decision-making, reduces uncertainty, and improves managerial efficiency. The study concludes that investing in advanced engineering management information systems contributes positively to organizational performance and decision quality. Based on the findings, the study recommends strengthening the adoption of integrated management information systems, providing continuous training for users, and aligning information systems with organizational decision-making needs to enhance managerial effectiveness within engineering organizations.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Engineering Management Information Systems
  topic: keywords
subject: Decision-Making Quality
  topic: keywords
subject: Managerial Decisions
  topic: keywords
subject: Management Information Systems
  topic: keywords
subject: Managerial Efficiency
  topic: keywords
subject: Engineering Organizations
  topic: keywords
creator: Tarek Mohamed Alhadi Elkabier Baayou
creator: Abdullah Ali Elmeddhem
creator: Mdhat Ismail Almabrouk
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-01-12
publication date: 2026-01-12
starting page: 53
ending page: 74
doi: 10.65419/albahit.v5i1.117

Influence of Ecological Conditions on the Phenolic Composition and Antioxidant Activity of Thymelaea hirsuta Extracts from Two Tunisian Regions
type: item
description: Thymelaea hirsuta is a medicinal plant widely distributed in North Africa and traditionally used for the treatment of various diseases. This study aimed to investigate the phenolic composition and antioxidant potential of methanolic extracts obtained from the aerial parts of T. hirsuta collected from two ecologically distinct regions of Tunisia: Medenine (arid climate) and Mahdia (semi-arid climate). Plant materials were subjected to solvent extraction, and the resulting extracts were analyzed for total polyphenol and flavonoid contents using spectrophotometric methods. Antioxidant activity was evaluated in vitro using DPPH radical scavenging and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays. In addition, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was employed to characterize the phenolic profiles of the extracts. The results revealed significant variations in phenolic and flavonoid contents depending on both the extraction method and the geographical origin of the plant material. Crude extracts exhibited higher concentrations of bioactive compounds compared with extracts obtained from dry powder. The crude extract from Mahdia showed the highest total polyphenol and flavonoid levels, whereas the Medenine extract displayed greater diversity in phenolic composition. All extracts demonstrated antioxidant activity, although their reducing power was lower than that of ascorbic acid. Notably, extracts from dry powder exhibited stronger radical scavenging capacity in the DPPH assay. HPLC analysis revealed complex phenolic profiles with numerous detectable compounds, confirming that the antioxidant activity is likely due to synergistic effects among multiple constituents. Environmental stress associated with arid conditions appears to enhance the synthesis of secondary metabolites. Overall, T. hirsuta represents a promising natural source of phenolic antioxidants with potential applications in pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, and food industries.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Thymelaea hirsuta
  topic: keywords
subject: Polyphenols
  topic: keywords
subject: Flavonoids
  topic: keywords
subject: Antioxidant activity
  topic: keywords
subject: HPLC
  topic: keywords
subject: DPPH
  topic: keywords
subject: FRAP
  topic: keywords
creator: Amina Ali Arab
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-01-10
publication date: 2026-01-10
starting page: 30
ending page: 52
doi: 10.65419/albahit.v5i1.116

Entropy-Guided Adaptive PID Control for Nonlinear Benchmark
type: item
description: This paper proposes an entropy-guided adaptive PID control approach for nonlinear benchmark systems operating under disturbances and parametric uncertainties. Unlike conventional adaptive PID methods that rely solely on instantaneous tracking error, the proposed strategy employs an online entropy measure to quantify the degree of dynamical irregularity in the system response. The entropy information is used to continuously adjust the proportional, integral, and derivative gains in a bounded and smooth manner. A Lyapunov-based stability analysis is developed to guarantee uniform boundedness of all closed-loop signals and asymptotic convergence of the tracking error. The effectiveness of the proposed controller is demonstrated through numerical simulations on standard nonlinear benchmark models, showing improved transient performance and enhanced robustness compared to classical PID and conventional adaptive PID controllers [1], [6], [8].
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Entropy-guided control
  topic: keywords
subject: Adaptive PID
  topic: keywords
subject: Nonlinear benchmark systems
  topic: keywords
subject: Lyapunov stability
  topic: keywords
subject: Robust control
  topic: keywords
subject: Performance improvement
  topic: keywords
creator: Akram Saead N. Ankila
creator: Lotfi Milad Eshtiwi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-01-05
publication date: 2026-01-05
starting page: 16
ending page: 29
doi: 10.65419/albahit.v5i1.97

A Study of the Concentration of Petroleum Hydrocarbons in Tripoli Port
type: item
description: Marine oil pollution is considered one of the most dangerous and common types of pollution. Problems associated with it have appeared since its discovery and have extended to include all stages of production, transportation, refining, manufacturing, storage, marketing, and even the disposal of used products. The continuous increase in each of these activities has led to an increase in the amount of oil pollutants in the waters of beaches, seas, and oceans. It has been proven that the waters of the seas and oceans are exposed to pollution with millions of tons of oil annually, especially since most factories and refineries are located along the coasts. This research focused on the concentration rate of petroleum hydrocarbons inside the Tripoli Port basin and its surroundings, where specific locations inside the port were selected, particularly the active docks which experience high ship traffic. Samples were taken from the selected sites according to standard procedures and then analyzed at the Oil Research Center. The results showed that the petroleum hydrocarbon concentration values were below the maximum allowed limit according to international standards, specifically as mentioned in Annex I of the MARPOL Convention, which stipulates that the maximum allowed concentration of petroleum hydrocarbons in the marine environment is 15 parts per million (ppm), equivalent to 0.15 mg/L.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Rajaa Mohammed Sager
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-01-03
publication date: 2026-01-03
starting page: 10
ending page: 15
doi: 10.65419/albahit.v5i1.96

The Impact of Commercial Desalination Processes on the Physical and Chemical Properties of Drinking Water in the Al-Asabaˊa Municipality
type: item
description: Water is regarded as the most essential biological compound for the survival of living organisms, as it plays a fundamental role in numerous biological processes, including the conversion of food into energy and the removal of toxins and metabolic waste. Additionally, water serves as an effective medium for the transport of contaminants both within and outside the human body. This study was conducted to evaluate the drinking water produced by water treatment units in the Asabi‘a municipality and to assess its suitability for human consumption during the period from October 2023 to February 2024. The objective was to determine the impact of commercial desalination methods on drinking water quality and to assess its compliance with human health requirements by examining its physical and chemical characteristics, estimating the concentrations of selected ions, and comparing the results with established reference standards. A total of 12 water samples were collected prior to desalination and 12 treated drinking water samples were collected from commercial desalination units distributed throughout the Asabi‘a municipality. Physical and chemical parameters were measured, including pH, electrical conductivity (EC), and total dissolved solids (TDS). The concentrations of selected ions were also determined using a computerized UV spectrophotometer. The results indicated that the pH values of the pre-treatment water samples were within the acceptable range, whereas the post-treatment samples exhibited pH levels below both national and international permissible limits. Total dissolved solids were low in most samples, and electrical conductivity values were also below local and international standards. Furthermore, the concentrations of nitrate and sulfate ions were low and did not meet the required specifications.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Drinking water
  topic: keywords
subject: nitrate
  topic: keywords
subject: sulphate
  topic: keywords
creator: Aisha. B. A. Almagtuf
creator: Afaf. M. A. Almagtof
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-01-01
publication date: 2026-01-01
starting page: 01
ending page: 09
doi: 10.65419/albahit.v5i1.88

Morphological and Chemical Diversity of Artemisia Herba Alba in Jabal Al-Akhdar of Libya
type: item
description: This study investigated the morphological and phytochemical variability of Artemisia herba-alba across three ecologically distinct populations in Jabal Al-Akhdar, Libya. The results demonstrated marked population-level differences primarily driven by elevation, grazing intensity, and localized environmental conditions.Plants collected from Ras El-Hilal exhibited the strongest vegetative performance, recording the highest shoot perimeter (94.5 cm) and the greatest total, fresh, and dry biomass. Conversely, the El-Maslaqoun site, characterized by severe overgrazing, displayed a substantial reduction in growth parameters, with the shoot perimeter decreasing significantly to 16.3 cm and the total plant weight declining sharply from 143.7 g (Ras El-Hilal) to 35.1 g. Consistent trends were observed for root length, shoot length, and overall plant height, with the Ras El-Hilal and El-Mashel populations consistently showing superior performance compared to El-Maslaqoun.The phytochemical composition also varied significantly across the populations. Total phenolic content ranged from 115.5 to 124.8 mg gallic acid equivalents per gram dry matter, while total flavonoid content spanned 78.1 to 94.8 mg catechin equivalents per gram. Notably, the highest levels of both phenolics and flavonoids were recorded in the El-Maslaqoun population, despite its diminished vegetative growth. This finding suggests that environmental stress may effectively stimulate the accumulation of these secondary metabolites. Furthermore, a moderate positive correlation (R2 = 0.4669) was observed between total phenols and total flavonoids, indicating a coordinated biochemical response to ecological pressures.These findings highlight the substantial ecological plasticity of A. herba-alba and clearly demonstrate the influence of environmental gradients on both morphological traits and phytochemical richness. These insights are crucial for developing effective conservation strategies and optimizing the sustai…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: wormwood
  topic: keywords
subject: morphological characters
  topic: keywords
subject: conservation
  topic: keywords
subject: medical plants
  topic: keywords
creator: Abdulrraziq Alkhajkhaj
creator: Ateea Alamami
creator: Khaled Elmeer
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-10-25
publication date: 2025-10-25
starting page: 109
ending page: 117
doi: 10.65419/albahit.v4i2.87

Design, Simulation and Implementation of Beverages Vending Machine Using Arduino
type: item
description: The world today witnesses the most significant development and progress in various fields especially in electronics and artificial intelligence. Therefore, the role of the human element decreases daily and looking for ways can achieve our needs and tasks faster, more efficient, less efforts etc,. becomes increased. A vending machine has intelligent behavior characteristics as they dispense different items with no need for human intervention. This paper presents a prototype automatic vending machine with numerous inputs. and outputs. It was simulated using PROTEUS software and controlled by Arduino Mega2560. It is a coin vending machine since all transactions were done using coins throng coin acceptor. It accepts 250 Dirhams for 165 ml juice and 500 Dirhams for 330 ml cans of Pepsi, Marinda or Seven up. It is monitored by LCD and provided with GSM shield for connectivity between the machine and an owner.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Vending machine
  topic: keywords
subject: coinacceptor
  topic: keywords
subject: Arduino Mega 2560
  topic: keywords
subject: Protues software
  topic: keywords
subject: Juice dispense
  topic: keywords
creator: Najmi Ahmed Wafi
creator: Abdullatif Younis Benur
creator: Giuma Abushafa
creator: Ausama Ahmed
creator: Naji Musbah
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-10-22
publication date: 2025-10-22
starting page: 100
ending page: 108
doi: 10.65419/albahit.v4i2.86

Oscillation Criteria for Second-Order Neutral Delay Differential Equations with Heterogeneous Deviating Arguments and Distributed Kernels.
type: item
description: This paper develops new oscillation criteria for second-order neutral delay differential equations with sign-changing coefficients, heterogeneous delays, and distributed kernels. Using a Riccati transformation and auxiliary analytical tools, two general oscillation theorems are established and validated through precise numerical simulations. Results confirm that oscillations persist under complex conditions, offering broad applicability in control systems, biological modeling, and neural networks.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Oscillation
  topic: keywords
subject: Neutral Delay Differential Equations
  topic: keywords
subject: Heterogeneous Deviating Arguments
  topic: keywords
subject: Distributed Kernels
  topic: keywords
subject: Riccati Transformation
  topic: keywords
creator: Fathiya Ibrahim Abdullah Ali
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-10-18
publication date: 2025-10-18
starting page: 87
ending page: 99
doi: 10.65419/albahit.v4i2.85

A study on the incomplete road linking the city of Murzug and Traghen: Case study Idlim area road
type: item
description: This study aims to analyze the multiple impacts resulting from the incomplete maintenance of the road linking the cities of Murzuq and Traghan, with a specific focus on the 2.8 km section located in the Idlim area. This road represents a vital corridor for the movement of people, goods, and services, and serves as a fundamental element in supporting the economic and social development of the region. The study adopted a descriptive-analytical methodology based on field surveys and a questionnaire directed to road users. A total of 238 questionnaires were administered to a representative sample of the local community, in addition to reviewing official data related to road accidents and transportation costs. The results reveal that the absence of regular maintenance leads to an increase in accident rates, higher mechanical failures, elevated transportation costs, and delays in vital services such as emergency response and supply delivery. Furthermore, the lack of maintenance significantly reduces the operational lifespan of the infrastructure. The findings also indicate that the impacts extend beyond economic consequences to include social, psychological, and developmental dimensions that hinder stability in the region. The study recommends establishing a comprehensive maintenance program for Idlim Road, conducting periodic preventive maintenance along the entire route between the two cities, allocating stable budgets, and implementing advanced monitoring systems to prevent road deterioration and ensure sustainable development. The study further emphasizes the importance of early detection technologies to maintain road safety and support continuous development.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Road maintenance
  topic: keywords
subject: Traffic safety
  topic: keywords
subject: Local development
  topic: keywords
subject: Infrastructure
  topic: keywords
creator: Ibrahim Abobaker Ali Langer
creator: Aiuob Mohamed Saleh Ali
creator: Abdulsalam Mansour Mohammed Althabit
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-10-15
publication date: 2025-10-15
starting page: 80
ending page: 86
doi: 10.65419/albahit.v4i2.84

Advancements in Photovoltaic Cell Technology: Principles, Performance, and Manufacturing Potential in Libya
type: item
description: Photovoltaic (PV) cells are critical components of renewable energy systems, converting solar energy directly into electrical energy through the photovoltaic effect. This manuscript provides a comprehensive exploration of the working principles, material properties, and performance characteristics of photovoltaic cells. Beginning with the fundamental physics of the photovoltaic effect, we discuss the operational mechanisms of various PV cell types, including silicon-based, thin-film, and emerging technologies. Key performance characteristics such as efficiency, open-circuit voltage, short-circuit current, fill factor, and spectral response are analyzed, alongside factors influencing performance, including material properties, temperature, and irradiance. The manuscript also addresses advancements in PV technology and challenges in improving efficiency and scalability, offering insights into the future of solar energy.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Photovoltaic
  topic: keywords
subject: Renewable energy systems
  topic: keywords
subject: Electrical energy
  topic: keywords
subject: emerging technologies
  topic: keywords
subject: Improving efficiency
  topic: keywords
creator: Naji Abdalaziz Ali Assalai
creator: Ahmed S. Mohamed
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-10-11
publication date: 2025-10-11
starting page: 66
ending page: 79
doi: 10.65419/albahit.v4i2.83

Sectoral and Regional Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Libya (1990–2020)
type: item
description: Greenhouse gas emissions from human activities are the primary drivers of global warming, which in turn accelerates climate change. This study aims to analyze the evolution of greenhouse gas emissions in Libya from 1990 to 2020, focusing on sectoral distribution (energy, industry, waste, agriculture) and the contribution of major gases (CO₂, CH₄, N₂O). The results reveal that the energy sector is the dominant source of emissions, accounting for over 90% of the total, with carbon dioxide (97.63%) being the most prevalent gas. Annual growth rates of emissions in Libya were found to be lower than the regional and global averages, with a stabilization or slight decline in emissions during the last period (2011–2020) due to economic and political challenges. The study recommends adopting sustainable policies, including transitioning to renewable energy, improving fossil fuel efficiency, enhancing waste management, promoting sustainable agricultural practices, and establishing a national emissions monitoring system. Furthermore, it emphasizes the importance of regional and international cooperation to leverage global climate finance and initiatives.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Greenhouse gas emissions
  topic: keywords
subject: Libya
  topic: keywords
subject: Carbon dioxide
  topic: keywords
subject: Climate change
  topic: keywords
subject: Renewable energy
  topic: keywords
subject: Sustainable agriculture
  topic: keywords
subject: Waste management
  topic: keywords
creator: Abdulsalam M. Agwaidar
creator: Sana A. Alsanussi
creator: Adrees A. Adrees
creator: Abdulmutalib H. Ali
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-10-10
publication date: 2025-10-10
starting page: 49
ending page: 65
doi: 10.65419/albahit.v4i2.82