(ALBAHIT) Albahit Journal of Applied Sciences
The Albahit Journal of Applied Sciences (eISSN: 2708-8936) and (pISSN: 2708-244X) is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published by the College of Technical Sciences - Bani Walid. Located in Bani Walid, Libya, AJAS is a comprehensive scientific journal dedicated to publishing high-quality research across various disciplines within applied sciences, basic sciences, and technology. The journal publishes 4 issues annually, aiming to contribute significantly to the advancement of scientific knowledge.
A Comparative Analysis of Note-Taking Methods and Their Impact on the Academic Performance of Electrical Engineering Students in Higher Technical Education
This study aims to analyze the impact of various note-taking methods on the academic achievement of students in the Department of Electrical Engineering at the College of Technical Sciences – Derna and the College of Engineering Technologies – Quba. The note-taking methods examined include: traditional paper-based note-taking, digital note-taking using electronic devices, and real-time note-taking during lectures without subsequent review. The research adopts a quantitative comparative approach by distributing questionnaires to a sample of students from both colleges, alongside an analysis of their academic performance in relation to the note-taking method employed. Additionally, semi-structured interviews were conducted with several faculty members to gain insights into the pedagogical implications of these methods. Findings reveal statistically significant differences in academic achievement based on the note-taking strategy used. Students who utilized traditional paper-based note-taking demonstrated superior long-term comprehension and retention. In contrast, digital note-taking proved effective in organizing information and facilitating quick access. Note-taking during lectures without later review showed the least positive impact on academic performance. The study recommends raising students’ awareness about the importance of selecting the most appropriate note-taking method according to the nature of the subject matter. It also encourages the adoption of a blended approach to enhance understanding and memory retention, while considering individual differences in learning styles.
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Calculation displacement Vibration of Circular Membranes and Insulated Circular Disk Temperature by Using Bessel Functions
This study investigates the mathematical formulation and physical applications of the Bessel differential equation in analyzing the displacement of vibrating circular membranes and the temperature distribution in insulated circular disks. The Bessel equation, a second-order linear differential equation with variable coefficients, naturally emerges in problems exhibiting cylindrical or radial symmetry in applied mathematics and engineering. The research begins by deriving the Bessel equation using the Frobenius series method and then explores the Bessel functions of the first and second kinds, emphasizing their orthogonality, oscillatory nature, and significance in modeling wave and heat phenomena. To solve practical problems involving circular geometry, the study employs the Fourier–Bessel series expansion, which extends classical Fourier analysis to circular domains. This method enables the determination of the membrane’s displacement as a function of radial position and time, as well as the calculation of temperature variations within a circular disk subjected to thermal insulation. Through separation of variables, both the wave equation and the heat equation are reduced to Bessel-type forms, whose solutions satisfy the required boundary and initial conditions. The findings demonstrate that the Bessel function framework provides accurate analytical solutions to complex two-dimensional physical problems. These solutions are highly relevant to fields such as mechanical vibration analysis, thermal engineering, acoustics, and electromagnetic modeling, where cylindrical symmetry plays a critical role in predicting physical behavior.
The Impact of Formation Water Salinity on the Formation Resistivity Factor
The objective of this study is to develop a new empirical correlation to determine the formation resistivity factor (Fr) as a function of porosity, similar to approaches adopted in previous research. In addition, the study examines the effect of formation-water salinity on the resistivity factor. Core samples from three different oil fields in Libya’s Sirte Basin were selected for analysis. A portion of the laboratory measurements was conducted at the Libyan Petroleum Institute (LPI) in Tripoli, Libya. Several empirical correlations were formulated to quantify the influence of salinity on the formation resistivity factor. Among these, the best-fit correlation demonstrated the highest correlation coefficient, providing the most accurate representation of salinity’s impact on Fr.
Effect of sheep manure compost, sulfur and irrigation water quality on soil electrical conductivity (EC, ds/m) of maize plant
The main objective of the present study was undertaken to investigate the effect of of sheep manure compost, sulfur and irrigation water quality on soil electrical conductivity (EC, ds/m) of maize plant. The study was carried out in a pot experiment at A farm in the Al-Fatih area, north of the City of Derna. The soil sample used in this study was a calcareous soil (typiccalciorthids), sheep manure compost was applied at a rate of 0, 3, 6, 9 and 12% by weight to the soil. Sulfur was applied to the soil at a rate of 0, 1, 2, 3 and 4% by weight. Two types of water were Tap water and drainage water. The tested plant was Maize (Zeya, L.) and it was cultivated for 60days from sowing. The irrigation with drainage water has a significant effect on increasing soil electrical conductivity (EC). The electrical conductivity (EC), increased significantly with increasing the rate application of sheep manure compost and sulfur while the pH was decrease.
Wireless Routing Using Automata Theory and Formal Language
In wireless sensor networks (WSNs), routing is still a major problem that affects network longevity, energy consumption, and data transmission efficiency. The explicit modeling of cluster head (CH) and gateway assignments to successfully balance efficiency and adaptability has received relatively little attention, despite the fact that the majority of current research focuses on either network coverage optimization or adaptive routing path optimization. The current study fills this gap by presenting a novel routing architecture based on finite automata theory that is intended to dynamically manage gateway assignments and CH in clustered WSNs. The suggested system makes use of deterministic and non-deterministic finite automata (DFA and NFA) to enable energy-conscious, adaptive reactions to variations in resource availability and network structure. Comprehensive simulations and comparative analyses against existing Cellular Automata (CA) and Learning Automata (LA) methods demonstrate superior scalability, reduced complexity, and enhanced network lifetime. By integrating theoretical automata insights with practical routing requirements, this study provides a strong foundation for future large-scale WSN management.
Optimize tilted angle of PV panel subjected to Tripoli microclimate condition
To design an efficient photovoltaic (PV) system, one of the key factors to consider is solar insolation energy. Insolation energy depends on several factors such as local geography, incident radiation, latitude, time of day, and time of year. These parameters directly affect the energy output of the PV modules and will be analyzed in this study. However, due to the variation in solar insolation (incident solar radiation), the energy output of the PV panels also fluctuates. Consequently, the amount of energy delivered from the PV panels to the load varies as well. Therefore, it is essential to study the optimum solar energy levels over time to ensure an appropriate and efficient PV system design. In this work, the solar radiation profile and the energy demand of a typical household load under Tripoli’s microclimatic conditions will be analyzed to determine the appropriate PV system size. Furthermore, the optimal tilt angle of the PV panels will be optimized to maximize the possible annual energy yield from the PV array
Assessment of Photosynthetic Pigments and Nutrient Content in Malva parviflora Exposed to Heavy Metal
The present work aimed to study the Photosynthetic Pigments and Nutrient Content in Malva parviflora Exposed to Heavy Metals to Malva parviflora population, One hundred and fifty one stands (10m X 10m) were surveyed in late autumn to early spring (2014-2015 and 2015-2016). The present results reviled that Malva parviflora It is clear from the study that Malva parviflora plants have high elasticity to grow in diverse habitat and rich in plant diversity and is a resource for many plant species of environmental, economic and medical importance, The results showed that the morphological and physiological features of M. parviflora were reduced in the polluted areas. were Statistical analysis indicated high significant variations in Chlorophyll a, b and carotenoids of M. parviflora in different habitats .It can be seen that highest Chlorophyll a was recorded in Agriculture road sites , whil The concentrations of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoids sugar in M. parviflora reduced in polluted regions. also The Results showed of Nutrients content of Malvaparviflora Root that (N) and (P) , (K) significantly differed from habitat . Nitrogen recorded their highest contents in Desert road sites , but the highest content of P were recorded in Two habite Salt marshes and Agricultural road sites , followed K in Railway .
Digital Twin-Integrated Predictive Control for Intelligent Manufacturing Systems: A Simulation and AI Approach
Digital twins have emerged as vital tools for intelligent manufacturing, offering real-time virtual replicas of physical systems. By integrating predictive control, especially model predictive control (MPC), with digital twins, manufacturing processes can be dynamically optimized for quality, efficiency, and resilience. In this paper, we propose a simulation-based framework that combines digital-twin models with MPC and AI-driven analytics for a CNC machining process. The digital twin continuously synchronizes with machine sensors and uses AI models to forecast equipment behavior. MPC uses the twin’s model to compute optimal control actions that maintain process targets and preempt defects. We demonstrate through simulation that the integrated system can reduce response latency, improve setpoint tracking, and enable proactive adjustments. For example, compared to a conventional PID controller, the MPC yields smoother control inputs and a 20% reduction in predicted quality defects. The AI components (e.g. neural networks) enhance the twin’s prediction accuracy by learning from historical data.
Design of a Portable Programmable Function Generator Using PIC18F4520 Microcontroller
This study presents the design and implementation of a portable programmable function generator (PPFG) using the PIC18F4520 microcontroller, developed and simulated through Proteus Design Suite before hardware realization. The primary goal of the project was to construct a low-cost and flexible waveform generator capable of producing multiple signal types, including sine, square, triangular, sawtooth, and pulse waveforms. The circuit design incorporated key components such as the MCP4921 digital-to-analog converter (DAC), CA3140 operational amplifier, and ICL7660 voltage converter to ensure accurate waveform generation and stable bipolar/unipolar outputs. Through simulation and practical testing, the system demonstrated excellent waveform accuracy, adjustable amplitude and frequency, and reliable performance comparable to commercial laboratory instruments. The proposed PPFG serves as an educational and experimental tool for engineering students and laboratories, providing a cost-effective alternative to conventional function generators. The results confirm that the integration of microcontroller-based control and analog interfacing can achieve high-quality signal synthesis suitable for both instructional and research applications.
Urban Planning and Design of the Road Network in Derna City after Reconstruction
This research aims to analyze the extent to which the new reconstruction projects in Derna comply with international standards and global case studies, as well as to evaluate the efficiency of connectivity between the two banks of Wadi Derna in terms of traffic flow and safety. The study also seeks to enhance the design and planning of roads and bridges in post-disaster contexts, with a focus on urban resilience, environmental sustainability, and the integration of smart technologies. The core research question centers on: How can smart technologies be utilized in the planning and design of roads and bridges after a disaster to ensure sustainable and resilient infrastructure against future floods, while integrating the watercourse within urban planning? The study adopts the descriptive approach to scientifically describe the studied phenomenon in line with the research objectives, and the analytical approach to assess the recently implemented road and bridge plans along the valley. The research concludes with a set of findings and recommendations.
Isolation, identification, and antibiotic sensitivity testing of bacterial species causing urinary tract infection in different zones of Libya's Brega city region
The present study aims to investigate the distribution of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria responsible for urinary tract infections (UTIs) among different age groups in Brega, Libya. A total of 500 mid-stream urine (MSU) samples were collected from both "inpatients and outpatients at Brega Qarawi Hospital" (Zone III), the Family Clinic (Zone I), and the Industrial Clinic (Zone I). Participants included 285 males and 215 females, with ages ranging from 15 to 65 years. Findings revealed that the overall prevalence of UTIs in Brega was approximately 45%, with a slightly higher occurrence among males (46%) compared to females (44%). Adults represented the most affected group (72.4%), "followed by the elderly (16.4%)" and adolescents (11.1%). Outpatients accounted for the majority of cases (62.2%), while inpatients represented 37.7%. Regarding bacterial etiology, "Escherichia coli was the predominant pathogen, responsible for nearly half of the infections" (49.7%). Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were identified in 20.8% and 10.2% of the cases, respectively. Gram-positive bacteria were less frequently detected, with Staphylococcus aureus accounting for 5.3% and Staphylococcus saprophyticus for 2.6%.Antimicrobial susceptibility testing indicated that Imipenem (IMI) demonstrated the highest efficacy among the antibiotics evaluated in this study.
High-Temperature Superconductors: Their Physical Properties and Technological Applications
Superconductivity is a unique physical phenomenon discovered over a century ago. Generally, it can be characterized by three essential properties, which are zero resistance, perfect diamagnetism, and microscopic quantum phenomenon (that known as the BCS theory). However, materials that have such as these significant properties when subjected to temperature below a critical temperature (Tc) become superconductor's materials. As a result, these advantages open up opportunities in front of researches and scientists to better understanding the mysteries that behind them. Furthermore, high-temperature super-conductors (abbreviated as HTS) play an important role in many applications and technologic fields. Therefore, it uses liquid nitrogen (LN) when cooling a sample, giving it a specified curial temperature compared to conventional superconductors that use liquid helium (LHe) in cooling. From this perceptive, began to use these materials in most disciples and modern development technologies. Indeed, the critical temperature of superconducting materials has been increasing progressively but still not approaching to the room temperature, which is still as a dream not achieving yet, because the high cost and needs refrigerators for their applications compared with traditional conductors. This paper is focusing on the history of high-temperature superconductors and also highlights the behavior of superconducting materials, their fundamental characteristics, and applications in nanotechnology.
The Impact of Digital Transformation on Increasing Tax Revenues in Libya During the Period 2014–2024: An Analytical Study
This study examines the impact of digital transformation on tax revenue growth in Libya (2014–2024). Using a descriptive-analytical approach and official data from Libyan financial institutions, the research found a strong positive relationship between digitalization and the sharp rise in tax revenues, especially between 2022 and 2024. Digital tools helped expand the tax base, reduce evasion, and improve collection efficiency. Despite this progress, tax revenues still represent a small share of total income due to oil dependence. The study concludes that digital transformation is a key driver for fiscal sustainability and economic diversification in Libya.
Effect of sheep manure compost, sulfur and irrigation water quali+ty on soil Na, Ca and Mg content (C mol/Kg soil) of maize plant
This investigation is to study the effect of two types of irrigation water using the sheep manure compost, and sulfur as soil amendments on some soil properties, and elemental content of Maize plant. The study was carried out in a pot experiment at A farm in the Al-Fataih area, north of the City of Derna . The soil sample used in this study was a calcareous soil (typic calciorthids), sheep manure compost was applied at a rates of 0, 3, 6, 9 and 12% by weight to the soil. Sulfur was applied to the soil at a rate of 0, 1, 2, 3 and 4% by weight. Two types of water was Tap water and drainage water .The tested plant was Maize (Zeya, L.) and it was cultivated for 60days from sowing. The irrigation with drainage water has a significant effect on increasing soil (Na, Ca and Mg. soluble anions than with the irrigation with tap water.the soluble cations (Na, Ca and Mg) increased significantly with increasing the rate application of sheep manure compost. The two way interaction effects of sheep manure compost by sulfur on. Ca, Na, Mg. were highly significant over the types of irrigation waters. Also, the interaction effects between sheep manure compost and water quality on the tested soil properties were significantly positive Only EC, and Ca differences associated with the interaction of sulfur by irrigation water quality were significant. The three way interaction effects of sheep manure compost, sulfur and irrigation water quality on the tested soil properties were significant for, Ca, Na and not significant for soil Mg.
Effect of Water Cooling on Photovoltaic Performance and Efficiency
Photovoltaic (PV) panels exhibit reduced electrical performance as their surface temperature rises due to direct solar radiation, mainly in hot climates. This study experimentally evaluates the effectiveness of continuous water cooling applied to the back surface of a 50 W polycrystalline PV module in Benghazi, Libya. Measurements of solar irradiance, module surface temperature, open-circuit voltage (Voc), current (I), and maximum power (Pmax) were recorded at 10-minute intervals during peak solar hours under two conditions: without cooling (control) and with continuous water circulation. The water cooling reduced the module temperature by an average of approximately 3 °C, which resulted in a measurable increase in Voc and current. Consequently, the maximum power output increased by about 8% and the overall module efficiency improved by roughly 7% compared to the uncooled condition. The findings indicate that simple water-cooling systems can be a low-cost and effective method to mitigate thermal losses and enhance PV performance in hot regions. Recommendations include testing the approach across different PV technologies and assessing sustainability when water resources are limited.
Determinants of Bank Credit Restrictions in Rural Areas - An Applied Study of the Central Region of Libya
The high level of risk in rural areas and the lack of information infrastructure suggest that rural credit markets in developing countries are likely to experience structural dysfunction. As a result, the majority of farmers, herders, and rural residents face binding credit constraints. Although there is a general perception that rural financial markets perform poorly, relatively little empirical evidence exists regarding the factors driving such conditions and the impact of credit constraints on agricultural productivity. The primary objective of this study is to examine whether households in the Libyan study area face credit constraints, using a direct elicitation approach based on a structured questionnaire survey. A randomly selected sample was drawn from the study area, which was divided into three regions. Households were classified as either constrained or unconstrained, and a binary probability model (Probit Model) was applied to test the sociol-economic characteristics of rural households. The analysis identifies whether credit constraints stem from loan quantity, interest rates, or other sociol-economic variables. The methodological approach combines observable outcomes with qualitative survey questions, relying on primary data collected through a field survey in the central region of Libya, stretching from Abu Qurayn in the west to Bin Jawad in the east, and also including the Al-Jufrah area in south-central Libya. Findings from the Probit model indicate that more than 55% of Libyan households in the study area are unable to access credit from formal banks or obtain financial facilities from any other source. The most significant barriers to accessing banking credit services were the existence of interest (riba), lack of collateral, and low income. For farmers in particular, farm size, soil quality, and access to a permanent water source were determining factors. The availability of a permanent water source increased the likelihood of obtaining loans from banks. Conversely, the refusal to apply for loans involving interest rates strongly discouraged participation in credit services, as the prohibition of interest was the most direct factor limiting households’ willingness to apply for such services, despite their acute need. Furthermore, the study found a correlation between household heads engaged in livestock rearing, their level of education, and the ownership of other assets, which increased the probability of applying for credit services from various banks.
sociol-economic characteristics of households
Numerical Analysis of the Heat Diffusion Equation Using the Laplace Transform and the Finite-Difference Method
This study presents a numerical and analytical investigation of the one-dimensional heat diffusion equation using two distinct mathematical approaches: the Laplace Transform and the Finite Difference Method (FDM). The primary objective is to compare the accuracy and efficiency of both methods in solving heat transfer problems. The Laplace Transform was applied to obtain an analytical formulation of the equation, while the Finite Difference Method was employed to approximate the numerical solution by discretizing the spatial and temporal domains into uniform intervals and applying finite difference operators to compute temperature variations. The results obtained from numerical simulations and graphical analyses were used to evaluate the performance of both approaches. The findings revealed a strong agreement between the analytical and numerical results, indicating that the Finite Difference Method provides accurate and stable approximations when the stability condition is satisfied, whereas the Laplace Transform yields highly precise analytical solutions but requires more complex symbolic manipulation. The study concludes that the choice of method depends largely on the nature of the problem and its boundary conditions. Furthermore, it recommends developing a hybrid approach that combines the Laplace Transform for the temporal component with the Finite Difference analysis in space to enhance efficiency and accuracy in multidimensional heat diffusion problems with complex boundary conditions.
Determination of Residual Stress Redistribution of 2024T351 Aluminum Alloy by Vickers Indentation Test
This study investigated the evolution of microhardness, fracture toughness, and residual stress in a 2024-T351 aluminum alloy under cyclic loading after various shot peening treatments. A modified Vickers indentation instrument, coupled with three different indentation models, was used to measure these properties. The experiments were conducted using variable amplitude tests on samples subjected to three different shot peening intensities: 4-6A, 6-8A, and 8-10A. The samples were tested under cyclic loading at two applied stress levels, 170 MPa and 280 MPa, for 1, 2, 10, 1000, and 10,000 cycles. Experimental results show that microhardness was reduced by 34% for samples treated with an 8-10A shot peening intensity after 10,000 cycles under a -280 MPa load. The reduction in microhardness is attributed to the relaxation of residual stress, with the rate of reduction being influenced by the material's percentage of cold work.
The impact of mechanical workshop layout on risk reduction and improving operational efficiency
In this study, the purpose is to examine how mechanical workshop layout planning affects the workshop efficiency and occupational hazard reduction in automotive maintenance workshops. The study is a descriptive-analytical study that uses structured field observations and semi-structured interviews as the main data collection methods. Ten workshops on the road to the city of Zawiya were used as a sample. The results of the research demonstrate a definite correlation between the quality of the work organization planning (distribution of working places, structure of movement or transportation ways, functional division of labor) and the promotion of the working conditions and work efficiency. Nevertheless, the analysis also reveals weaknesses in the practice of safety requirements, especially regarding emergency evacuation routes, and the availability of emergency equipment. The research suggests the implementation of the functional oriented planning models using the principles of industrial engineering, and combining it with the operative safety systems. It also requires the integration of the continuous improvement practices and the periodic assessment of the internal workshop design. These results show that context-related design standards of mechanical workshops should be implemented, which will include the consideration of the operational efficiency alongside the safety of the workers
Physics-Informed Neural Networks for Predictive Modeling of Energy Dissipation Pathways in IoT-Integrated Smart Solar Grids
The proliferation of distributed photovoltaic systems integrated with Internet of Things (IoT) sensing infrastructure necessitates advanced predictive frameworks capable of resolving dynamic energy loss mechanisms across heterogeneous grid topologies. Traditional data-driven models often neglect the underlying physical conservation laws, leading to physically inconsistent extrapolations under sparse or noisy sensor regimes. In this study, this research introduces a novel Physics-Informed Neural Network (PINN) architecture explicitly constrained by the first and second laws of thermodynamics, Kirchhoff’s circuit laws, and semiconductor carrier transport equations. Leveraging real-time telemetry from embedded IoT sensors across a 12.4 MWp smart solar grid in southern Spain, this research model achieves a mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) of 1.87% in predicting transient energy dissipation, outperforming conventional LSTM and XGBoost benchmarks by 38.2% and 41.7%, respectively. Furthermore, the PINN framework identifies dominant loss pathways, including ohmic heating in DC cabling (23.1%), inverter hysteresis (17.8%), and module mismatch under partial shading (14.3%), with 94.6% attribution accuracy, which has been evaluated by using Python software. This work establishes a new paradigm for embedding first-principles physics into deep learning architectures for grid-scale renewable energy diagnostics, enabling real-time anomaly detection, adaptive maintenance scheduling, and topology-aware efficiency optimization.
Storing medicines in warehouses and hospitals: The role of storage practices and routine follow-up in maintaining shelf life and preventing spoilage
This study addresses the issue of preserving medicines in warehouses and hospitals as one of the basic pillars of ensuring the quality of health services and patient safety. The study aims to demonstrate the impact of proper storage practices and routine follow-up in maintaining the shelf life of medicines and preventing their spoilage. The research relied on the descriptive analytical approach, where data were collected from a sample of 40 health personnel participants with varying practical experiences. The questionnaire was used as the main tool to measure participants' attitudes towards the existence of committees specialized in drug detection, mechanisms for safe disposal of expired drugs, and the degree of adherence to storage instructions. The results showed that committees already exist to detect expired medications, that disposal is often carried out in an organized and safe manner, in addition to a general awareness of the importance of adhering to storage instructions. However, some challenges have emerged, such as the poor availability of refrigerators for some sensitive medicines and differing policies regarding the recycling of non-consumable medicines. The results also showed that periodic detection and continuous follow-up reduce drug corruption rates and increase the efficiency of inventory management. The study concluded that good storage practices and regular follow-up are crucial factors in ensuring the stability of medicines and maintaining their effectiveness. It recommended strengthening oversight, developing the storage environment, providing continuous training for personnel, and adopting clear protocols for the safe disposal of medicines.
Modeling the Performance and Frictional Head Losses of the Control Oil Pump at Derna Steam Power Plant
The objective of this research is to analyze the power and efficiency of the control oil pump (COP) at the Derna steam power plant, focusing on calculating frictional head losses (Hƒ), volumetric flow rate, and mass flow rate within the pipeline system. The evaluation is based on a computational model and empirical correlations to support performance monitoring and propose maintenance strategies to mitigate degradation caused by aging and operational challenges. Pumping Power Calculator V3.0 and Rotor Zone – Pump Size were employed to simulate hydraulic shaft, and motor power, enabling an assessment of efficiency and performance curves. frictional head losses were calculated using the Darcy–Weisbach (D-W) equation, and the corresponding head loss percentage (Lƒ %) was determined. Results show that hydraulic power was limited (0.33 KW for mass flow, 0.29 KW for volumetric flow, Hƒ = 0.8 m, Lƒ = 0.2%), while mechanical efficiency remained stable at 78%, indicating effective energy transfer despite low hydraulic performance. The results highlight the significance of optimizing hydraulic pathways and implementing predictive maintenance for the sustainable pump operation of pump.
Administrative Challenges and Their Impact on the Quality of Health Services in the Libyan Health System (An Analysis of Policy Realities and Required Reforms)
High-quality healthcare services are a fundamental requirement for achieving economic and social development in contemporary societies. Access to such services depends largely on the availability of economic resources, foremost among them the human element. Given the inherent scarcity of resources, effective and precise management—guided by well-formulated policies—is essential to ensure that administrative processes achieve maximum productivity at minimal cost. This study aims to examine the impact of administrative policies on the quality of healthcare services provided within the Libyan health system. Adopting a descriptive-analytical approach, the research offers a detailed account of the phenomenon under investigation and applies rigorous statistical methods. Data were collected through two separate questionnaires: one directed to healthcare service providers (381 forms) and another to healthcare service recipients (359 forms), both of which were suitable for statistical analysis. The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) was employed to analyze the data and test the research hypotheses. The findings reveal that administrative policies exert a significant and direct influence on the quality of healthcare services, representing the most critical determinant of service quality in the examined context.
Assessment of the Prevalence of Gastroenteritis in Children in Tarhuna City during 2024
This study aimed to assess the prevalence of gastroenteritis among children in the city of Tarhuna during 2024, analyze its association with demographic factors such as age and gender, and investigate parents' awareness of prevention methods. The study adopted a descriptive cross-sectional design, with the sample comprising (267) children under the age of fifteen, selected from outpatient clinics and pediatric departments in health institutions within the city. Data were collected through questionnaires directed to parents, in addition to available clinical records. The results showed that children under the age of six represent the most vulnerable group to infection, reflecting the fragility of their immune systems and their increased exposure to environmental factors that cause infection. However, the infection rate gradually decreased with age. A relative superiority in infection rates was also observed among females compared to males, with notable differences in older age groups. Regarding awareness, the survey revealed that the majority of parents recognize the importance of preventive practices such as handwashing before eating, access to safe drinking water, and vaccination against rotavirus, in addition to the pivotal role of health education in reducing the spread of the disease. However, a portion of respondents expressed neutrality or rejection of some of these measures, indicating knowledge and behavioral gaps that require intervention. These results confirm that gastroenteritis remains a prominent health challenge among children in Tarhuna, calling for intensified efforts in health awareness, improved water and sanitation services, and enhanced immunization programs, particularly against rotavirus. The study also recommends conducting more comprehensive future research that includes larger samples and accurate microbiological analysis to identify pathogens and link them to environmental and behavioral variables.
Mathematical Modeling of Increasing Quenching on Methanol Production Rate for a Multi-Bed Quenching Reactor
This research focuses on the importance of studying the effects of varying feed flow rates and quenching flow rates on methanol production rates and their impact on reactor bed temperatures. The primary objective is to determine the optimal conditions for achieving the highest methanol production rate. A mathematical model of the reactor was developed using the Graff kinetic model, incorporating hydrogenation reaction pathways for carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide, as well as the water-gas shift reaction. Differential equations for molar and energy balances were numerically solved using the Runge-Kutta method implemented in MATLAB. The results revealed that increasing quenching to 65% of feed reduced methanol production by 12%. In contrast, at quenching rate of 79% led to an increase in methanol production from 842 mol/s to 894 mol/s, representing a 6% improvement. These findings indicate that increasing the quenching flow rate positively impacts reaction temperatures and enhances methanol production, while reducing the feed flow rate can have adverse effects.
Design and implementation of a High efficiency UART model using VHDL and PicoBlaze on Xilinx FPGA platforms
Digital design using the Hardware Description Language (VHDL) is a fundamental approach in developing embedded systems, as it enables the construction of highly efficient circuits that can be implemented on FPGA platforms. The importance of this research lies in exploring the integration between the PicoBlaze processor and Xilinx software for designing a high-efficiency UART unit, thereby enhancing data transmission performance while minimizing resource utilization in modern digital systems. The research problem stems from the limited applied studies that address the effective integration of the PicoBlaze architecture with VHDL-based UART units, particularly in terms of achieving efficient data processing and transmission with low resource consumption. This gap highlights the need for a practical model that demonstrates the feasibility of such integration. In this study, the methodology involved designing a UART unit using VHDL and integrating it with the PicoBlaze processor through the Xilinx ISE environment. The main objective was to perform an addition operation on the digits of the student’s identification number (SID) and transmit the result via UART in hexadecimal format, thereby validating the efficiency of hardware–software co-design. The results confirmed the successful implementation, as the seven digits were correctly summed and the output transmitted through UART. Simulation outcomes further demonstrated functional accuracy and efficient resource utilization. The study concludes that combining PicoBlaze with VHDL provides a high-efficiency framework for signal processing and embedded system control, with potential for future extensions such as multi-channel support and flow control enhancements.
Assessment of the Impact of Wastewater Pollution on the Residents of Al-Amarat Al-Sab’a Neighborhood in Al-Qarahbuli Municipality
This study aimed to assess the impact of wastewater pond pollution on the residents of the Al-Amarat Al-Sab’a neighborhood and the surrounding environment in Al-Qarabulli Municipality. The study focused specifically on the residents of this neighborhood, as they are the most affected by the proximity of the wastewater pond. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire distributed to a targeted sample of the residents. The analysis of the responses indicated that the problem of wastewater pollution in the neighborhood remains unresolved and has even worsened over time, posing serious potential environmental and health risks if not urgently addressed by the relevant authorities. The findings also revealed that residents have repeatedly submitted complaints to local authorities regarding persistent foul odors, the spread of insects and rodents, and the deterioration of the neighborhood’s general appearance. However, the absence of sustainable and effective solutions has left residents with little hope of improvement. The study concludes by emphasizing the urgent need for intervention from the competent authorities to eliminate this environmental hazard and to provide a clean, safe, and healthy living environment for the residents.
Evaluation of Groundwater Quality in the Western Part of Al Jabal Al Akhdar Region Following Hurricane Daniel
This research evaluates the quality of well water in most of the western part of the Green Mountain region following Hurricane Daniel. The study area is distinguished by its relatively unpolluted water sources. This is primarily because most of these wells are located far from population centers that generate solid waste and wastewater, which could affect water quality. The researcher conducted a field study to determine the locations, dimensions, and elevations of these wells above sea level. Samples were taken from the well water under study and analyzed both chemically and microbiologically at the General Administration of Agricultural and Animal Research Center in Al Bayda. Four standard parameters were used to determine the level of well water pollution in the study area: nitrates, nitrites, ammonia, and coliform bacteria. The nitrate values ranged from 3.24 to 33.5 mg/L, while nitrite values ranged from non-detectable to 0.44 mg/L. Ammonia levels were between non-detectable and 0
Practical methods of teaching reading for foreign children and primary students
This study explores practical methods for teaching reading to both foreign children and primary students, focusing on how different instructional approaches contribute to reading development. The paper emphasizes that reading is a fundamental skill in education and that learners, especially those for whom English is a foreign language, face particular challenges that require carefully selected strategies. Traditional methods such as phonics and the Look-and-Say approach are considered alongside modern strategies that incorporate short stories and structured lesson planning, with the aim of determining their combined impact on learner outcomes. The review of previous literature demonstrates that phonics provides a strong foundation for decoding and word recognition, while the Look-and-Say method facilitates quick vocabulary recognition. However, both methods have limitations if used in isolation. Short stories emerge as a powerful tool not only for expanding vocabulary and improving comprehension but also for fostering motivation and cultural awareness. Structured lesson planning, with its pre-reading, while-reading, and post-reading stages, is highlighted as an effective framework for ensuring systematic skill development and deeper engagement with texts. The study adopts a quantitative descriptive survey design and collects data from fifty English language teachers with varying levels of experience and qualifications. A structured questionnaire measured teachers’ practices in phonics instruction, story-based activities, and lesson planning. The data were analyzed using SPSS through descriptive statistics and regression analysis. Results reveal high levels of teacher agreement regarding the value of phonics, storytelling, and structured planning, with mean values above 4.0 across most items. Regression analysis further confirms the statistical significance of these variables, with β coefficients ranging between 0.76 and 0.84. The findings suggest that phonics remains central to decoding, but its effectiveness is enhanced when combined with story-based instruction and structured lesson design. The study concludes that a blended approach, integrating phonics, storytelling, and systematic lesson planning, provides the most effective framework for improving reading comprehension, motivation, and cultural competence among both native and foreign learners.
Study of The Power Curve of a Wind Turbine at the Benghazi Solar Radiation Center
This study aims to evaluate the performance of a small wind turbine with a nominal capacity of 1000 W, installed at the Solar Radiation Center – Al-Runaway, Benghazi, in order to assess its suitability for electricity generation in rural off-grid areas. The methodology relied on the analysis of turbine data provided by the manufacturer’s catalog in addition to field measurements of wind speed and output current from the controller. The results showed that the maximum recorded power was 555.81 W at a wind speed of 9 m/s, which is very close to the nominal capacity of 584 W. The findings indicated a gap between the theoretical and actual output at low wind speeds, while good agreement was observed at medium to high speeds (7–9 m/s). The experiments demonstrated that the turbine is suitable for supplying small household loads such as lighting and electronic devices but insufficient for heavy loads like air conditioners and heaters. The study recommends integrating the turbine with solar energy systems in hybrid configurations to enhance power supply reliability in rural communities.