Modeling and Simulation of Energization Overvoltage Phenomena During Capacitor Switching Transient
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.65419/albahit.v5i1.122Keywords:
Capacitor Switching, Energization Transient, Overvoltage, Inrush Current, ATP/EMTP, Power System Transients, Sensitivity Analysis, Back-to-Back SwitchingAbstract
Shunt capacitor banks are essential for voltage support and power factor correction in modern power systems. However, their switching operations can induce severe transient overvoltages and high-frequency inrush currents, posing significant risks to equipment and power quality. While the fundamental phenomenon is understood, a persistent research gap remains in the comprehensive analysis of these transients, particularly regarding the influence of system parameters and the validation of simulation models across a wider range of operational scenarios. This paper addresses this gap by presenting a detailed investigation into the energization overvoltage phenomenon during capacitor switching. A comprehensive power system model of a 34.5 kV substation was developed and simulated using the Alternative Transients Program (ATP/EMTP). The study begins by analyzing the baseline case of an isolated capacitor bank energization and then extends the investigation to include more complex scenarios such as back-to-back switching and de-energization. A sensitivity analysis is conducted to quantify the impact of key parameters, including source impedance and capacitor bank size, on the transient response. The simulation results, which show transient voltages reaching up to 1.5 per unit and inrush currents of several kiloamperes, are validated against analytical calculations, with a detailed discussion of the observed discrepancies. This research provides a more robust and precise understanding of capacitor-switching transients, offering valuable insights for improved system design, protection coordination, and equipment selection.
References
[1] S. H. Horowitz and A. G. Phadke, Power System Relaying, 4th ed. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, 2014.
[2] D. A. Gonzalez, J. A. Martinez, and J. L. Guardado, “Capacitor Switching Transients: A Practical Approach,” in IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 276-281, Apr 2001.
[3] T. E. Grebe, “Application of distribution system capacitor banks and their impact on power quality,” in IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, vol. 32, no. 3, pp. 714-719, May/Jun 1996.
[4] A. Greenwood, Electrical Transients in Power Systems, 2nd ed. New York: Wiley-Interscience, 1991.
[5] R. C. Dugan, M. F. McGranaghan, S. Santoso, and H. W. Beaty, Electrical Power Systems Quality, 3rd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2012.
[6] H. W. Dommel, EMTP Theory Book, 2nd ed. Portland, OR: Microtran Power System Analysis Corporation, 1992.
[7] J. D. Glover, M. S. Sarma, and T. J. Overbye, Power System Analysis and Design, 6th ed. Stamford, CT: Cengage Learning, 2017.
[8] P. M. Anderson, Analysis of Faulted Power Systems. Piscataway, NJ: IEEE Press, 1995.
[9] IEEE Std 1036-1992, IEEE Guide for Application of Shunt Power Capacitors.
[10] A. F. Imece, ed., IEEE Tutorial on Shunt Capacitor Bank Switching Transients. Piscataway, NJ: IEEE, 1996.
[11] C. H. C. dos Santos et al., “An ATP Simulation of Shunt Capacitor Switching in an Industrial Plant,” International Conference on Power Systems Transients (IPST), 2001.
[12] IEEE Std C37.012-2005, IEEE Application Guide for Capacitance Current Switching for AC High-Voltage Circuit Breakers on a Symmetrical Current Basis.
[13] M. R. Iravani and A. K. S. Chaudhary, “Analysis of capacitor-switching-induced transients in power systems,” in IEE Proceedings C - Generation, Transmission and Distribution, vol. 140, no. 4, pp. 327-336, July 1993.
[14] E. Haginomori, T. Koshiduka, J. Arai, and H. Ikeda, Power system transient analysis: theory and practice using simulation programs (ATP-EMTP). John Wiley & Sons, 2016.
[15] S. R. H. Salgado, J. L. B. de Oliveira, and J. C. de Oliveira, “Analysis of Transients in Capacitor Switching in a Didactic ATP-EMTP-Based Tool,” IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 1159-1167, May 2005.
[16] A. Tokic, I. Uglesic, and V. Milardic, “Measurement, Modeling and Simulation of Capacitor Bank Switching Transients,” 2018 18th International Conference on Harmonics and Quality of Power (ICHQP), Ljubljana, 2018, pp. 1-6.
[17] D. F. Peelo, “Vacuum and SF6 Circuit Breaker Current Chopping Characteristics,” in IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 208-215, Jan. 2007.
[18] C. Zhai, Y. Fan, W. Meng, and K. Song, “Overvoltage management of SF6 circuit breaker switching for 66kV parallel capacitor bank based on ATP-EMTP,” Proc. SPIE 13159, 2nd International Conference on Electronic Information and Communication Technology (ICEICT 2024), 131596Z, 2024.
[19] R. K. Smith, P. G. Slade, and M. D. J. Air, “Controlled switching–a new technology for capacitor and reactor switching,” in IEEE Industry Applications Magazine, vol. 6, no. 6, pp. 16-24, Nov/Dec 2000.
[20] M. R. Zuniga-Garcia, E. A. Rivas-Trujillo, and F. de la Rosa, “Simulation analysis of the switching of substation shunt capacitor banks with a 6% series reactor for limiting transient inrush currents and oscillation overvoltage,” Electrical Engineering, vol. 100, no. 1, pp. 219-230, 2018.
[21] A. Zhai, et al., “Study on the Analysis and Suppression Methods of Inrush Current of Shunt Capacitors in 10kV Distribution Network,” 2024 5th International Conference on Electronic Information Engineering and Computer Science (EIECS), 2024, pp. 838-842.
