High-Temperature Superconductors: Their Physical Properties and Technological Applications
Keywords:
Superconductivity, High-Tc superconductors, Critical temperature, Tc, Zero resistance, Perfect diamagnetism, Critical current, Jc, The Meissner EffectAbstract
Superconductivity is a unique physical phenomenon discovered over a century ago. Generally, it can be characterized by three essential properties, which are zero resistance, perfect diamagnetism, and microscopic quantum phenomenon (that known as the BCS theory). However, materials that have such as these significant properties when subjected to temperature below a critical temperature (Tc) become superconductor's materials. As a result, these advantages open up opportunities in front of researches and scientists to better understanding the mysteries that behind them. Furthermore, high-temperature super-conductors (abbreviated as HTS) play an important role in many applications and technologic fields. Therefore, it uses liquid nitrogen (LN) when cooling a sample, giving it a specified curial temperature compared to conventional superconductors that use liquid helium (LHe) in cooling. From this perceptive, began to use these materials in most disciples and modern development technologies. Indeed, the critical temperature of superconducting materials has been increasing progressively but still not approaching to the room temperature, which is still as a dream not achieving yet, because the high cost and needs refrigerators for their applications compared with traditional conductors. This paper is focusing on the history of high-temperature superconductors and also highlights the behavior of superconducting materials, their fundamental characteristics, and applications in nanotechnology.
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